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Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple Treasure

About Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple:

In the 108 Divya Deshams, or the holiest shrines of Lord Mahavishnu, the idols of Lord Vishnu are in one of the three different postures. Either reclining, sitting, or standing. Lord Padmanabhaswamy is enshrined here in Anananthasayanam posture (in eternal sleep of yognidra). The main idol inside the sanctum sanctorum and viewed from three doors is in the reclining posture. In the left end door, devotees can see the face and upper body of Lord Padmanabha; from the middle door one can worship the nabhi (abdomen) part, where devotees can also see Lord Brahma, Goddess Lakshmi Devi, and the  Utsava Murthi idol, along with Goddess Bhoodevi and Goddess Sridevi.

Padmanabhaswamy Temple stands at a place considered as one of the seven Parasurama Kshetras; texts including the Puranas, particularly the Skanda Purana and Padma Purana, have references for this shrine. Tradition states that in this place, the Hindu deity Lord Vishnu gave darshan to Indian sages like Divakarmuni and Vilvamangalam Swami

Paintings & Mural:

 There are lots of beautiful painting and murals all over the inner walls of the sanctum sanctorum of Sri Padmanabhaswamy Temple. Some of the noted paintings include Goddess Astha Lakshmi, life size pictures of Lord Vishnu's Anananthasayanam, Narasimha Swamy, Ganapathi, Gaja Lakshmi, and Aswarooda Lakshmi Devi.

Rs 100,000 Crore Gold Treasure found in Kerala Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple as on  June 2011

Around 100,000 crore worth treasure (Nidhi) has been found in the secret cellars of the famous Kerala Temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu - Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple in Trivandrum (Thiruvananthapuram). The 7 member paper appointed by the Supreme Court of India, has been preparing the list of valuable found in the cellars of Sri Padmanabhaswami Temple. The temple has 6 Secret Cellars (Nilavara – a place to keep assets safe) from Cellar A to Cellar F. Opening of each of these chambers is revealing a virtual treasure trove with precious diamonds, golden ornaments, emeralds, jewelleries, rare antique silver and brass platters and golden idols. An estimation of above 90,000 crore treasure was valued at the completion of the 6th day of valuing the assets of Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple in Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.

Golden idol of Mahavishnu worth Rs. 500 Crore

The main treasure found on the 6th day was a one foot (12 angulams) height golden idol of Lord Mahavishnu and a 30 kg golden ‘anki’. This golden idol of Lord Vishnu is believed to be the replica of the ‘utsava vigraham' used in the temple. The golden idol of Padmanabhaswamy studded with more than 1000 previous stones is valued to around Rs. 500 Crore. Another golden idol of Lord Sree Krishna was also found which weighs around 5 kg.


Golden Coins, Ornaments, and Human figurine

Several golden coins were also unearthed yesterday which are believed to be issued during the reign of Krishnadeva Rayar in the 16th century AD. Numerous golden ornaments which were used to adorn the main deity were also found in the Vault marked A. Ornaments studded with emeralds were also found on Saturday. Numerous golden human figurine weighing 1 kg, golden bangles, golden rope, are other interesting treasure found in the Vishnu Temple.

Golden Coconut Shells

Another interesting finding was two coconut shells made of pure gold. One of this golden coconut shell was students with rare antique stones including emeralds and rubies.

GUNN DIODE

GUNN DIODE

A Gunn diode is also known as a transferred electron device (TED). It  is a form of diode used in high-frequency electronics. It is somewhat unusual in that it consists only of N-doped semiconductor material, whereas most diodes consist of both P and N-doped regions. In the Gunn diode, three regions exist: two of them are heavily N-doped on each terminal, with a thin layer of lightly doped material in between. When a voltage is applied to the device, the electrical gradient will be largest across the thin middle layer. Conduction will take place as in any conductive material with current being proportional to the applied voltage. Eventually, at higher field values, the conductive properties of the middle layer will be altered, increasing its resistivity and reducing the gradient across it, preventing further conduction and current actually starts to fall down.

In practice, this means a Gunn diode has a region of negative differential resistance.

The negative differential resistance, combined with the timing properties of the intermediate layer, allows construction of an RF relaxation oscillator simply by applying a suitable direct current through the device. In effect, the negative differational resistance created by the diode will negate the real and positive resistance of an actual load and thus create a "zero" resistance circuit which will sustain oscillations indefinitely.  Gunn diodes are therefore used to build oscillators in the 10 GHz and higher (THz) frequency range, where a resonator is usually added to control frequency. 

Operation of the Gunn diode

The operation of the Gunn diode can be explained in basic terms. When a voltage is placed across the device, most of the voltage appears across the inner active region. As this is particularly thin this means that the voltage gradient that exists in this region is exceedingly high.

It is found that when the voltage across the active region reaches a certain point a current is initiated and travels across the active region. During the time when the current pulse is moving across the active region the potential gradient falls preventing any further pulses from forming. Only when the pulse has reached the far side of the active region will the potential gradient rise, allowing the next pulse to be created.

It can be seen that the time taken for the current pulse to traverse the active region largely determines the rate at which current pulses are generated, and hence it determines the frequency of operation.

A clue to the reason for this unusual action can be seen if the voltage and current curves are plotted for a normal diode and a Gunn diode. For a normal diode the current increases with voltage, although the relationship is not linear. On the other hand the current for a Gunn diode starts to increase, and once a certain voltage has been reached, it starts to fall before rising again. The region where it falls is known as a negative resistance region, and this is the reason why it oscillates.

Gunn diode tuning

The frequency of the signal generated by a Gunn diode is chiefly set by the thickness of the active region. However it is possible to alter it somewhat. Often Gunn diodes are mounted in a waveguide and the whole assembly forms a resonant circuit. As a result there are a number of ways in which the resonate frequency of the assembly can be altered. Mechanical adjustments can be made by placing an adjusting screw into the waveguide cavity and these are used to give a crude measure of tuning.

However some form of electrical tuning is normally required as well. It is possible to couple a varactor diode into the Gunn oscillator circuit, but changing the voltage on the varactor, and hence its capacitance, the frequency of the Gunn assembly can be trimmed.